Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G
1
A mention of the limitations of using sleep to help solve problems.
2
A reference to how an activity before sleep can help with information recall.
3
A contrast between what the brain wants to do and what we actually do.
4
An explanation of why we have dreams.
Question 5 - 9
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Sleep and memory
A study at Northwestern University was conducted in which participants had to solve puzzles that were accompanied by a . Following this first phase, they went home with equipment that monitored their sleep and played sounds that they had heard in the lab, and the following morning, their improved, especially for puzzles cued with sounds that they had heard in their sleep. A study by Sara Mednick showed that REM sleep was beneficial for creative , and that REM sleep allows the brain to create associations between previously or ideas.
Professor Robert Stickgold mentions that the brain selects that are connected to an event and uses these memory signals to decide if something was important.
Question 10 - 13
Look at the following statements and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E.
List of Findings
A
Sara Mednick
B
Robert Stickgold
C
Mark Beeman
D
Kristin Sanders
E
Deirdre Barrett
10
Going over memories helps differentiate between useful and trivial information.
11
Staying up late is not effective for trying to solve problems.
12
Information related to a problem can be restructured during sleep.
13
All the functions of the brain must have evolved to serve a particular purpose.
DOL IELTS Đình Lực
📖 Bài đọc (reading passage)
The Science of "Sleeping on It"
A
A. Each one of us has experienced a wide array of dreams, from the funny and romantic to the terrifying and bizarre. In dreams, bits of reality, imagination, and memory intermingle in nonlinear narratives that often make little sense upon awakening. Dreams seem to be related to a reshuffling of memories, and indeed, it is often said that studying before sleep is a good way to retain information. When people say they will "sleep on" a decision or problem, it is likely because they know they will awaken the next day with a clearer solution in mind, and scientific evidence has shown that this is in fact the case.
B
To test whether or not sleep really does play a role in solving difficult problems, researchers at Northwestern University conducted a study in which they presented participants with a series of tricky, carefully designed puzzles, each of which participants had two minutes to figure out. During this time, a unique sound clip would play in the background, and a new sound clip would be played with each new puzzle. After this initial stage of the experiment, which always took place in the early evening, members of the study group were sent home with some specialized equipment that monitored their sleep and played some of the sound clips they heard while attempting the puzzles in the lab. The ensuing morning, they all returned to the lab to try to solve the puzzles that stumped them the previous night. Their success rate improved across the board, but the most marked improvement was in puzzles that were associated with sound clips they had heard while sleeping, solving 32% of the sleep-cued puzzles, compared to only 21% of the un-cued puzzles.
C
A study on the benefits of napping, headed by Sara Mednick, assistant professor of psychiatry at University of California San Diego, and Denise Cai, a graduate student, revealed that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep enhances creative problem solving. The findings of this study may have implications for how sleep, and REM sleep in particular, promotes the formation of associative creative problems that you've already been working on - the passage of time is enough to find solutions. However, for new problems, only REM sleep enhances creativity." Mednick believes that REM sleep does this because it stimulates associative networks, which allow the brain to make connections between unrelated concepts or ideas.
D
According to Robert Stickgold, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School states that "when you get into bed, the brain does a triage and 'rifles through the events of the day and sees what's left unfinished." The brain picks out emotions that occurred during or shortly after something happened, and uses these memory cues to indicate that the event was important and needs to be analyzed further. Stickgold believes that there are two key elements at play here, the first being that the prefrontal cortex shuts down. This region of the brain is in charge of executive decision- making, along with rational thinking and impulse control. With the prefrontal cortex shut down, there are no categories into which ideas can be sorted, allowing the brain to freely associate and process information in the background. The other factor at play is that when we enter REM sleep, the neuromodulators norepinephrine and serotonin are turned off. Norepinephrine enhances focus on immediate issues, and it is believed that the brain is biased into placing higher value on loose connections when serotonin is turned off. With both neurochemicals dormant, parts of ideas come together as one.
E
Mark Beeman, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University, stated: ' There was this idea that during sleep the brain is resting, but now we know there's a lot of important work being done" following research by his team. While we sleep, our brains sort, consolidate, and store new information, and we "walk through" memories of recent events. This rehearsal appears to distinguish meaningful patterns from unhelpful "background noise." Beeman believes that this can be useful in problem-solving and provides an explanation as to why playing sound clips associated with certain puzzles facilitate this type of rehearsal. "This research adds to a growing list of literature suggesting that sleep can reorganise information to facilitate problem-solving." says Kristin Sanders, first author of the study and a doctoral student at Northwestern University.
Sanders, first author of the study and a doctoral student at Northwestern University. "It also suggests that a replay of the problem memory during sleep is critical for this reorganisation." Sanders also goes on to explain that "problem solving is part of everyone's daily life; while we use tricky puzzles in our study, the underlying cognitive processes could relate to solving any problem on which someone is stuck or blocked by an incorrect approach. "However, she warns that this can only be applied to situations in which one already has some background knowledge or information. For example, this effect would not help someone find a cure for a rare disease if they are not already working on this problem.
F
Some researchers also believe that dreams have an evolutionary basis, and that our ability to dream may have indeed evolved from the need to solve problems. "Dreams are thinking or problem-solving in a different biochemical state from that of waking." writes the Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett in The New Science of Dreaming. According to Barrett, all functions of the brain must have some practical usage, and are rooted in evolution and natural selection, which may explain why the brain utilizes dreams to help break down, analyze, and solve problems
G
Before we fall asleep, the brain wants to acknowledge a thought and move on to the next one, but in reality, we tend to latch onto one thought and ruminate on it, and then feelings of regret start to set in, triggering an adrenaline rush, according to Stickgold. It is helpful to acknowledge a thought and let it go by without passing judgment, similar to the calming methods used in meditation.
However, if a particular thought won't go away, there are calming steps that can be taken. Stickgold states that "there is nothing wrong with checking," and for issues that can not be resolved right away, it is acceptable to keep a notepad and pencil nearby to write down a reminder for the following day. Getting up in the middle of the night to work on a problem, however, is not particularly helpful, as it will just leave you exhausted in the morning without having gotten any closer to an answer. The best solution is in fact to just let the ideas pass through your mind unimpeded.
🔥 Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)
1
E
Giải thích chi tiết
Ứng dụng Linearthinking để giải quyết dạng bài Matching Information
📌 Dạng Matching Information chúng ta nên làm cuối cùng, sau khi đã làm các dạng câu hỏi khác nhé DOLBIES, bởi vì lúc này mình đã đọc và hiểu nội dung của bài rồi → sẽ nhanh chóng tìm được vị trí đáp án hơn!!
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Step 1: Phân tích câu hỏi (Matching Information) the limitations of using sleep to help solve problems .
Dự đoán thông tin cần tìm (SPECIFY):
Những hạn chế của việc dùng giấc ngủ để giải quyết vấn đề → Không phải lúc nào cũng áp dụng được.
“limitations” = sẽ có tín hiệu kiểu: only, can/cannot, won’t work, in some situations, requires…
-------
Step 2: Locate bằng chứng
Thông tin này nằm ở đoạn E, ngay câu:
She warns that this can only be applied to situations with background knowledge
This effectwould not help find a cure for a rare disease
-> Giấc ngủ chỉ giúp giải quyết vấn đề khi đã có kiến thức nền → Không giúp nếu không có thông tin gì về vấn đề.
-------
Step 3: Đối chiếu paraphrasing (để chốt match đoạn E)
limitations ⇔ “can only be applied to situations…” (= chỉ áp dụng được trong một số trường hợp)
using sleep to help solve problems ⇔ “this effect” (hiệu ứng ngủ giúp tái tổ chức thông tin để hỗ trợ problem-solving đang nói trong đoạn E)
Hạn chế được cụ thể hoá bằng ví dụ phủ định: “would not help…” (không giúp) nếu không có background knowledge / chưa làm vấn đề đó
→ Vì vậy, câu hỏi “limitations of using sleep to help solve problems” khớp trực tiếp với Paragraph E.
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❌ Những đáp án “bẫy” hay dính
Bẫy đoạn B: nói về thí nghiệm và kết quả (32% vs 21%) nên dễ tưởng có “giới hạn”. Nhưng B chủ yếu là method + improvement, không hề nêu điều kiện kiểu “chỉ áp dụng khi…/không giúp nếu…”.
Bẫy đoạn G: có câu “Getting up in the middle of the night… is not particularly helpful” nhìn như “limitation”. Nhưng G nói về thói quen xử lý suy nghĩ ban đêm (đừng thức dậy làm bài), không phải giới hạn khoa học của việc “ngủ giúp giải quyết vấn đề” theo nghĩa cơ chế/cognitive effect như câu hỏi yêu cầu.
B. To test whether or not sleep really does play a role in solving difficult problems, researchers at Northwestern University conducted a study in which they presented participants with a series of tricky, carefully designed puzzles, each of which participants had two minutes to figure out. During this time, a unique sound clip would play in the background, and a new sound clip would be played with each new puzzle. After this initial stage of the experiment, which always took place in the early evening, members of the study group were sent home with some specialized equipment that monitored their sleep and played some of the sound clips they heard while attempting the puzzles in the lab. The ensuing morning, they all returned to the lab to try to solve the puzzles that stumped them the previous night. Their success rate improved across the board, but the most marked improvement was in puzzles that were associated with sound clips they had heard while sleeping, solving 32% of the sleep-cued puzzles, compared to only 21% of the un-cued puzzles.
C. A study on the benefits of napping, headed by Sara Mednick, assistant professor of psychiatry at University of California San Diego, and Denise Cai, a graduate student, revealed that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep enhances creative problem solving. The findings of this study may have implications for how sleep, and REM sleep in particular, promotes the formation of associative creative problems that you've already been working on - the passage of time is enough to find solutions. However, for new problems, only REM sleep enhances creativity." Mednick believes that REM sleep does this because it stimulates associative networks, which allow the brain to make connections between unrelated concepts or ideas.
D. According to Robert Stickgold, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School states that "when you get into bed, the brain does a triage and 'rifles through the events of the day and sees what's left unfinished." The brain picks out emotions that occurred during or shortly after something happened, and uses these memory cues to indicate that the event was important and needs to be analyzed further. Stickgold believes that there are two key elements at play here, the first being that the prefrontal cortex shuts down. This region of the brain is in charge of executive decision- making, along with rational thinking and impulse control. With the prefrontal cortex shut down, there are no categories into which ideas can be sorted, allowing the brain to freely associate and process information in the background. The other factor at play is that when we enter REM sleep, the neuromodulators norepinephrine and serotonin are turned off. Norepinephrine enhances focus on immediate issues, and it is believed that the brain is biased into placing higher value on loose connections when serotonin is turned off. With both neurochemicals dormant, parts of ideas come together as one.
E. Mark Beeman, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University, stated: ' There was this idea that during sleep the brain is resting, but now we know there's a lot of important work being done" following research by his team. While we sleep, our brains sort, consolidate, and store new information, and we "walk through" memories of recent events. This rehearsal appears to distinguish meaningful patterns from unhelpful "background noise." Beeman believes that this can be useful in problem-solving and provides an explanation as to why playing sound clips associated with certain puzzles facilitate this type of rehearsal. "This research adds to a growing list of literature suggesting that sleep can reorganise information to facilitate problem-solving." says Kristin Sanders, first author of the study and a doctoral student at Northwestern University.
Sanders, first author of the study and a doctoral student at Northwestern University. "It also suggests that a replay of the problem memory during sleep is critical for this reorganisation." Sanders also goes on to explain that "problem solving is part of everyone's daily life; while we use tricky puzzles in our study, the underlying cognitive processes could relate to solving any problem on which someone is stuck or blocked by an incorrect approach. "However, she warns that this can only be applied to situations in which one already has some background knowledge or information. For example, this effect would not help someone find a cure for a rare disease if they are not already working on this problem.
F. Some researchers also believe that dreams have an evolutionary basis, and that our ability to dream may have indeed evolved from the need to solve problems. "Dreams are thinking or problem-solving in a different biochemical state from that of waking." writes the Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett in The New Science of Dreaming. According to Barrett, all functions of the brain must have some practical usage, and are rooted in evolution and natural selection, which may explain why the brain utilizes dreams to help break down, analyze, and solve problems
G. Before we fall asleep, the brain wants to acknowledge a thought and move on to the next one, but in reality, we tend to latch onto one thought and ruminate on it, and then feelings of regret start to set in, triggering an adrenaline rush, according to Stickgold. It is helpful to acknowledge a thought and let it go by without passing judgment, similar to the calming methods used in meditation.
However, if a particular thought won't go away, there are calming steps that can be taken. Stickgold states that "there is nothing wrong with checking," and for issues that can not be resolved right away, it is acceptable to keep a notepad and pencil nearby to write down a reminder for the following day. Getting up in the middle of the night to work on a problem, however, is not particularly helpful, as it will just leave you exhausted in the morning without having gotten any closer to an answer. The best solution is in fact to just let the ideas pass through your mind unimpeded.
