Look at the following statements and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F.
List of Findings
A
Alfred North Whitehead
B
Ap Dijksterhuis
C
Timothy Wilson
D
Matthew Walker
E
Daniel Goleman
F
Howard Gardner
1
People find it easier to solve problems at a particular point in the sleep cycle.
2
People should change their general behaviour patterns in order to benefit more from the unconscious.
3
When solving problems, people should try to ignore negative thoughts.
4
People can come up with ideas which are more innovative if they temporarily put a problem aside.
5
People who make quick decisions are less likely to regret them.
Question 6 - 8
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Many scientists argue that people should make better use of their unconscious mind. Alfred North Whitehead, for example, gave support for the idea of - a term for people deliberately ignoring a problem over a period of time.
Experiments in Amsterdam that required students to consider a tricky situation found them making good decisions while carrying out an unconnected . Similarly, an experiment in Virginia which required subjects to make a selection from a number of different found people feeling happier with their decisions if they had made them quickly.
Question 9 - 14
Choose
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
9
Our unconscious mind helps us more than our conscious mind with complex problems.
10
Resting before going to sleep can result in improved solutions to problems.
11
Problems are more likely to be solved after dreamless sleep.
12
Matthew Walker's team assessed their subjects using a memory test.
13
Daydreams are more helpful to the unconscious than dreams which occur during sleep.
14
People often create their own barriers to problem-solving.
DOL IELTS Đình Lực
📖 Bài đọc (reading passage)
Conscious and Unconscious Thought
Great scientists and artists have long known about the unconscious mind. The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, argued that most of our real motivation lies below conscious awareness and that we require the services of a psychoanalyst to explain ourselves to ourselves. Even those celebrated scientists who believe that Freud exaggerated the importance of the unconscious argue that it is a part of the in our minds which we should learn to control and take advantage of.
The great mathematician Alfred North Whitehead seemed to be a supporter of unconscious mental processing when he said: 'It is a profoundly erroneous truism, repeated by all copybooks and by eminent people making speeches, that we should cultivate the habit of thinking about what we are doing. The precise opposite is the case.' What Whitehead meant by this is that some of the greatest breakthroughs in creativity occur when a problem is consciously shelved for a while - 'don't think about it, just sleep on it' - after which the unconscious mind offers a solution. This is a process which psychoanalysts call 'incubation'.
Now the latest psychological research confirms that we can all incubate a problem to our own advantage. Ap Dijksterhuis, a psychologist at the University of Amsterdam, has recently published a series of experiments in which students were presented with complex everyday problems to solve. In one experiment they were given the opportunity to think carefully about a decision; in another experiment they were distracted by an irrelevant task whilst making a decision. The surprising result, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, was that 'unconscious' minds made the better decisions.
Timothy Wilson and colleagues from the University of Virginia's psychology department conducted another experiment. Participants were presented with five posters and asked to choose one to take home. A little later, they were telephoned and asked how satisfied they were with their choice - a measure of whether they had made the right decision from a subjective point of view. Some participants had picked their poster straight away, whereas others were asked to analyse carefully the pros and cons of each poster. It turned out that people who had analysed were less satisfied with their choice than people who had not applied logic. Paradoxically, it seems that those who had consciously weighed up the various attributes had made relatively poor decisions.
The conclusion that has to be drawn from current research suggests the somewhat counterintuitive idea that the more complex a problem is, the less likely it becomes that conscious thought can contribute much. If a dilemma is particularly difficult, a lot of information has to be taken into account and it appears that conscious thought is not good at this. The message is that when it comes to intricate problems with many variables, you should let the unconscious deal with it.
Using dreaming is one way of doing this. Dreams are the part of sleep most strongly correlated with rapid eye movement (REM) and have been associated with enhanced creativity and novel solutions. The latest research suggests that, if you want to enhance unconscious problem-solving, you should try to think about your problems immediately after dreaming. In a recent experiment, psychiatrist Matthew Walker and colleagues from the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at Harvard Medical School woke up half of their experimental subjects immediately after REM sleep, and the other half just after sleep with no dreams, and then asked them to solve crossword puzzles. REM awakenings provided a 32 per cent advantage in the number of puzzles solved, compared with non-REM awakenings.
But you don't have to be asleep to use the unconscious mind when you are not thinking of anything in particular, which is why daydreams are so useful in the quest for creativity. Daniel Goleman, the famous psychologist who proposed the theory of emotional intelligence', urges us to be more aware of, and discount, a key obstacle that the conscious mind imposes on the unconscious: that of self-censorship. This is the voice that whispers to you, 'they'll think I'm foolish' or 'that will never work', keeping you imprisoned within the boundaries of what is deemed acceptable. Howard Gardner, a professor of cognition and education at Harvard University, suggests that we free ourselves from the straitjacket of always doing things the same way. In seeking to go beyond the routine and conventional, you will gain confidence in trusting your unconscious, he says.
🔥 Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)
1
D
Giải thích chi tiết
☺️ Ứng dụng Linearthinking để giải quyết dạng bài Matching Names
Step 01: Read the question to understand main idea
Simplified: People find it easier to solve problems at a particular point in the sleep cycle
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Step 02: Locate relevant information
🔍 Từ khoá: solve problems, sleep cycle, easier
=> Dựa vào các từ khoá trên -> Tìm được trích dẫn ở đoạn kế cuối.
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Step 03: Read relevant information to understand (main + detail)
📌 Trích dẫn:"psychiatrist Matthew Walker and colleagues from the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at Harvard Medical School woke up half of their experimental subjects immediately after REM sleep, and the other half just after sleep with no dreams, and then asked them to solve crossword puzzles. REM awakenings provided a 32 per cent advantage in the number of puzzles solved, compared with non-REM awakenings."
Simplified: Matthew Walker and colleagues woke up subjects after REM sleep vs non-REM sleep . REM awakenings provided a 32% advantage in solving puzzles
Main idea: Thí nghiệm → đánh thức ngay sau REM sleep = tăng 32% khả năng giải crossword puzzles → REM sleep giúp giải quyết vấn đề tốt hơn.
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Step 04: Compare meaning with meaning
Nội dung tìm được trong bài: REM sleep → giúp con người giải quyết vấn đề tốt hơn (32% advantage).
Nội dung câu hỏi: Con người → giải quyết vấn đề dễ hơn tại một giai đoạn cụ thể trong chu kỳ giấc ngủ.
Great scientists and artists have long known about the unconscious mind. The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, argued that most of our real motivation lies below conscious awareness and that we require the services of a psychoanalyst to explain ourselves to ourselves. Even those celebrated scientists who believe that Freud exaggerated the importance of the unconscious argue that it is a part of the in our minds which we should learn to control and take advantage of.
The great mathematician Alfred North Whitehead seemed to be a supporter of unconscious mental processing when he said: 'It is a profoundly erroneous truism, repeated by all copybooks and by eminent people making speeches, that we should cultivate the habit of thinking about what we are doing. The precise opposite is the case.' What Whitehead meant by this is that some of the greatest breakthroughs in creativity occur when a problem is consciously shelved for a while - 'don't think about it, just sleep on it' - after which the unconscious mind offers a solution. This is a process which psychoanalysts call 'incubation'.
Now the latest psychological research confirms that we can all incubate a problem to our own advantage. Ap Dijksterhuis, a psychologist at the University of Amsterdam, has recently published a series of experiments in which students were presented with complex everyday problems to solve. In one experiment they were given the opportunity to think carefully about a decision; in another experiment they were distracted by an irrelevant task whilst making a decision. The surprising result, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, was that 'unconscious' minds made the better decisions.
Timothy Wilson and colleagues from the University of Virginia's psychology department conducted another experiment. Participants were presented with five posters and asked to choose one to take home. A little later, they were telephoned and asked how satisfied they were with their choice - a measure of whether they had made the right decision from a subjective point of view. Some participants had picked their poster straight away, whereas others were asked to analyse carefully the pros and cons of each poster. It turned out that people who had analysed were less satisfied with their choice than people who had not applied logic. Paradoxically, it seems that those who had consciously weighed up the various attributes had made relatively poor decisions.
The conclusion that has to be drawn from current research suggests the somewhat counterintuitive idea that the more complex a problem is, the less likely it becomes that conscious thought can contribute much. If a dilemma is particularly difficult, a lot of information has to be taken into account and it appears that conscious thought is not good at this. The message is that when it comes to intricate problems with many variables, you should let the unconscious deal with it.
Using dreaming is one way of doing this. Dreams are the part of sleep most strongly correlated with rapid eye movement (REM) and have been associated with enhanced creativity and novel solutions. The latest research suggests that, if you want to enhance unconscious problem-solving, you should try to think about your problems immediately after dreaming. In a recent experiment, psychiatrist Matthew Walker and colleagues from the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at Harvard Medical School woke up half of their experimental subjects immediately after REM sleep, and the other half just after sleep with no dreams, and then asked them to solve crossword puzzles. REM awakenings provided a 32 per cent advantage in the number of puzzles solved, compared with non-REM awakenings.
But you don't have to be asleep to use the unconscious mind when you are not thinking of anything in particular, which is why daydreams are so useful in the quest for creativity. Daniel Goleman, the famous psychologist who proposed the theory of emotional intelligence', urges us to be more aware of, and discount, a key obstacle that the conscious mind imposes on the unconscious: that of self-censorship. This is the voice that whispers to you, 'they'll think I'm foolish' or 'that will never work', keeping you imprisoned within the boundaries of what is deemed acceptable. Howard Gardner, a professor of cognition and education at Harvard University, suggests that we free ourselves from the straitjacket of always doing things the same way. In seeking to go beyond the routine and conventional, you will gain confidence in trusting your unconscious, he says.
