IELTS Practice A - Book 2 - Reading Test 2 with Practice Test, Answers And Explanation
Luyện tập đề Reading Test 2 được lấy từ cuốn sách IELTS Practice A - Book 2 với trải nghiệm thi IELTS trên máy và giải thích đáp án chi tiết bằng Linearthinking, kèm answer key và list từ vựng IELTS cần học trong bài đọc.
IELTS Trainer - Reading Test 2 With Practice Test, Answers And Explanation
Passage
❓ Câu hỏi passage 1
Question 1 - 7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In following statements below, choose
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1
Few people recognise nowadays that human beings are designed to function best in daylight.
2
Most light pollution is caused by the direction of artificial lights rather than their intensity.
3
By 1800 the city of London had such a large population, it was already causing light pollution.
4
The fishermen of the South Atlantic are unaware of the light pollution they are causing.
5
Shadows from the planet Venus are more difficult to see at certain times of year.
6
In some Swiss valleys, the total number of bats declined rapidly after the introduction of streetlights.
7
The first attempts to limit light pollution were carried out to help those studying the stars.
Question 8 - 13
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
CREATURE
EFFECTS OF LIGHT
Songbirds and seabirds
The worst-affected birds are those which are seabirds
8
. They bump into
9
which stand out at night.
Desert rodents and badgers
They are more at risk from
10
Migrating birds
Early migration may mean the
11
are not suitable on arrival.
Sea turtles
They suffer from the decreasing number of
12
Frogs and toads
If they are near
13
their routines will be upset.
Passage
❓ Câu hỏi passage 2
Question 14 - 20
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs. A-G.
Choose the correct heading for A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x.
List of Headings
I
A comparison between similar buildings
II
The negative reaction of local residents
III
An unusual job for a psychologist
IV
A type of building benefiting from prescribed guidelines
V
The need for government action
VI
A failure to use available information in practical ways
VII
Academics with an unhelpful attitude
VIII
A refusal by architects to accept criticism
IX
A unique co-operative scheme
X
The expanding scope of environmental psychology
14
Paragraph A
15
Paragraph B
16
Paragraph C
17
Paragraph D
18
Paragraph E
19
Paragraph F
20
Paragraph G
Question 21 - 22
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Which TWO of the following benefits are said to arise from the use of environmental psychology when planning buildings?
A
better relationships between staff
B
improved educational performance
C
reduction of environmental pollution
D
fewer mistakes made by medical staff
E
easier detection of crime
Question 23 - 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Which TWO of the following research methods are mentioned in the passage?
A
the use of existing data relating to a geographical area
B
measuring the space given to a variety of activities
C
watching what people do in different parts of a building
D
analyzing decisions made during the planning of a building
E
observing patients’ reactions to each other
Question 25 - 26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
25
The students from England suggested that the Scottish students should identify their
……………….
26
John Zeisel believes that if the of a building is clear, patient outcomes will improve
Passage
❓ Câu hỏi passage 3
Question 27 - 30
Choose appropriate options A, B, C or D.
27
In the first paragraph, why does the writer say ‘This is not merely an academic debate’?
A
Anthropologists’ theories need to be backed up by practical research.
B
There have been some important misunderstandings among anthropologists.
C
The attitudes of anthropologists towards adolescence are changing.
D
The work of anthropologists could inform our understanding of modem adolescence.
28
What was Susan Anton’s opinion of the Turkana boy?
A
He would have experienced an adolescent phase had he lived.
B
His skull showed he had already reached adulthood.
C
His skeleton and teeth could not be compared to those from a more modern age.
D
He must have grown much faster than others alive at the time.
29
What point does Steven Leigh make?
A
Different parts of the human skeleton develop at different speeds.
B
The growth period of many apes Is confined to times when there is enough food.
C
Humans have different rates of development from each other depending on living conditions.
D
The growth phase in most apes lasts longer if more food is available.
30
What can we learn from a mammal’s teeth?
A
A poor diet will cause them to grow more slowly.
B
They are a better indication of lifestyle than a skeleton.
C
Their growing period is difficult to predict accurately.
D
Their speed of growth is directly related to the body’s speed of development.
Question 31 - 36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In following statements below, choose
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
31
It is difficult for anthropologists to do research on human fossils because they are so rare.
32
Modern methods mean it is possible to predict the age of a skeleton with accuracy.
33
Susan Anton’s conclusion about the Turkana boy reinforces an established idea.
34
Steven Leigh’s ideas are likely to be met with disbelief by many anthropologists.
35
Researchers in France and Spain developed a unique method of analysing teeth.
36
There has been too little research comparing the brains of Homo erectus and Neanderthals.
Question 37 - 40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G.
List of Endings
A
inconsistencies between height, skeleton and dental evidence.
B
the fact that human beings walk on two legs.
C
the way teeth grew.
D
a need to be dependent on others for survival.
E
difficult climatic conditions.
F
increased quantities of food.
G
the existence of much larger brains than previously.
Until recently, delayed growth in humans until adolescence was felt to be due to
37
In her research, Margaret Clegg discovered
38
Steven Leigh thought the existence of adolescence is connected to
39
Research on Neanderthals suggests that they had short lives because of
40
DOL IELTS Đình Lực
03/08/2026
📖 Bài đọc passage 1
Our Vanishing Night
“Most city skies have become virtually empty of stars”
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, it would make no difference to us whether we were out and about at night or during the day, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal species on this planet. Instead, we arc diurnal creatures, meaning our eyes are adapted to living in the suns light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings any more than as primates or mammals or Earthlings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: we’ve engineered it to meet our needs by filling it with light.
This kind of engineering is no different from damming a river. Its benefits come with consequences – called light pollution – whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky, where it is not wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it is. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life – migration, reproduction, feeding – is affected.
For most of human history, the phrase “light pollution” would have made no sense. Imagine walking toward London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was one of Earth’s most populous cities. Nearly a million people lived there, making do, as they always had, with candles and lanterns. There would be no gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years.
Now most of humanity lives under reflected, refracted light from overlit cities and suburbs, from light-flooded roads and factories. Nearly all of night-time Europe is a bright patch of light, as is most of the United States and much of Japan. In the South Atlantic the glow from a single fishing fleet – squid fishermen luring their prey with metal halide lamps – can be seen from space, burning brighter on occasions than Buenos Aires.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars and taking their place is a constant orange glow. We’ve become so used to this that the glory of an unlit night – dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth – is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost. And yet above the city’s pale ceiling lies the rest of the universe, utterly undiminished by the light we waste.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being ‘captured’ by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop. Migrating at night, birds are apt to collide with brightly lit buildings; immature birds suffer in much higher numbers than adults.
Insects, of course, cluster around streetlights, and feeding on those insects is a crucial means of survival for many bat species. In some Swiss valleys the European lesser horseshoe bat began to vanish after streetlights were installed, perhaps because those valleys were suddenly filled with fight-feeding pipistrelle bats. Other nocturnal mammals, like desert rodents and badgers, are more cautious about searching for food under the permanent full moon of fight pollution because they’ve become easier targets for the predators who are hunting them.
Some birds – blackbirds and nightingales, among others – sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light. Scientists have determined that long artificial days — and artificially short nights — induce early breeding in a wide range of birds. And because a longer day allows for longer feeding, it can also affect migration schedules. The problem, of course, is that migration, like most other aspects of bird behavior, is a precisely timed biological behavior. Leaving prematurely may mean reaching a destination too soon for nesting conditions to be right.
Nesting sea turtles, which seek out dark beaches, find fewer and fewer of them to bury their eggs on. When the baby sea turtles emerge from the eggs, they gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective sea horizon but find themselves confused by artificial fighting behind the beach. In Florida alone, hatchling losses number in the hundreds of thousands every year. Frogs and toads living on the side of major highways suffer nocturnal fight levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, disturbing nearly every aspect of their behavior, including their night-time breeding choruses.
It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky in all its glorious clarity. And, in fact, some of the earliest civic efforts to control light pollution were made half a century ago to protect the view from Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. In 2001 Flagstaff was declared the first International Dark Sky City. By now the effort to control fight pollution has spread around the globe. More and more dues and even entire countries have committed themselves to reducing unwanted glare.
🔥 Đáp án & giải thích 1
1
True
Giải thích chi tiết
Skimming/scanning: Câu này nếu chỉ skim/scan từ khoá mà không đọc kĩ câu hỏi thì sẽ rất dễ hiểu nhầm nghĩa của nó thành “Một vài người nhận ra…)
=> Thấy từ “most" (đa số) trong bài trái nghĩa với “một vài người" => Chọn FALSE
Áp dụng DOL’s Linearthinking
😍 Đọc câu hỏi để hiểu
Few peoplerecognise nowadays that human beings are designed to function best in daylight.
Đơn giản hóa để hiểu ý chính:
Few people know -humans - functions best in daylight
😎 Xác định thông tin liên quan
👉 Dựa trên thông tin được đưa ra trong câu hỏi, đáp án phải liên quan đến thời điểm con người hoạt động hiệu quả nhất. Ta có thể dễ dàng tìm thấy thông tin này trong đoạn đầu tiên.
🥰 Hiểu thông tin liên quan => So sánh ý nghĩa để chọn được đáp án đúng
our eyes are adapted to living in the sun’s light
(2) This is a basic evolutionary fact even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings
=> Most of us don't think that .we are adapted to living in the sun's light.
=> Few of us think that we are used to living in the sun's light.
Không giống như "a few", "few" có nghĩa là "rất ít" hoặc "hầu như không có".
Question: Few peoplerecognise nowadays that human beings are designed to function best in daylight.
-> Few people know - humans - functions best in daylight
👉 Dựa trên thông tin trong đoạn đọc và câu hỏi, ta có thể kết luận rằng:
👉 Thông tin trong câu hỏi khớp với nội dung trong bài đọc.
CHRISTIAN JARRETT reports on psychology’s place in new architectural development.
A
A.
The space around us affects us profoundly – rebuilding of one south London school as a striking emotionally, behaviourally, cognitively. In Britain that example of how building design can affect human space is changing at a pace not seen for a generation. Surely psychology has something to say about all ranked as the worst school in the area – now it is this change. But is anyone listening? ‘There is a huge amount of psychology research that is relevant, but at the moment we’re talking to ourselves,’ says Chris Spencer, professor of environmental psychology at the University of Sheffield. Spencer recalls a recent talk he gave in which he called on fellow researchers to make a greater effort to communicate their findings to architects and planners. ‘I was amazed at the response of many of the senior researchers, who would say: “I’m doing my research for pure science, the industry can take it or leave it”. But there are models of how to apply environmental psychology to real problems, if you know where to look. Professor Frances Kuo is an example.
B
Kuo’s website provides pictures and plain English conducted by her Human stands as a one-off experiment. ” Among these is a study using police records that found inner-city surrounded by more vegetation suffered 52 per cent fewer crimes than apartment blocks with little or no greenery. Frances Kuo and her co-researcher William Sullivan believe that greenery reduces crime – so long as visibility is preserved – because it reduces aggression, brings local residents together outdoors, and the conspicuous presence of people deters criminals.
C
‘Environmental psychologists are increasingly in demand,’ says David Uzzell, professor of environmental psychology. ‘We’re asked to contribute to the planning, design and management of many different environments, ranging from neighbourhoods, offices, schools, health, transport, traffic and leisure environments for the purpose of improving quality of life and creating a better people-environment fit.’ Uzzell points to the rebuilding of one south London school as a striking example of how building design can affect human behaviour positively. Before its redesign, it was ranked as the worst school in the area – now it is recognised as one of the country’s twenty most improved schools.
D
Uzzell has been involved in a pioneering project between MSc students in England and Scotland. Architecture students in Scotland acted as designers while environmental psychology students in England acted as consultants, as together they worked on a community project in a run-down area of Glasgow. The psychology students encouraged the architecture students to think about who their client group was, to consider issues of crowding and social cohesion, and they introduced them to psychological methodologies, for example observation and interviewing local residents about their needs.’ The collaborative project currently stands as a one-off experiment. ‘Hopefully these trainee architects will now go away with some understanding of the psychological issues involved in design and will take into account people’s needs,’ says Uzzell.
E
Hilary Barker, a recent graduate in psychology, now works for a design consultancy. She’s part of a four- person research team that contributes to the overall work of the company in helping clients use their office space more productively. Her team all have backgrounds in psychology or social science, but the rest of the firm consists mainly of architects and interior designers. ‘What I do is pretty rare to be honest,’ Barker says. ‘I feel very privileged to be able to use my degree in such a way.’ Barker explains that the team carries out observational studies on behalf of companies, to identify exactly how occupants are using their building. The companies are often surprised by the findings, for example that staff use meeting rooms for quiet, individual work.
F
One area where the findings from environment- behaviour research have certainly influenced building is in hospital design. The government has a checklist of criteria that must be met in the design of new hospitals, and these are derived largely from the work of the behavioural scientist Professor Roger Ulrich,’ Chris Spencer says. Ulrich’s work has shown, for example, how the view from a patient’s window can affect their recovery. Even a hospital’s layout can impact on people’s health, according to Dr John Zeisel. ‘If people get lost in hospitals, they get stressed, which lowers their immune system and means their medication works less well. You might think that way-finding round the hospital is the responsibility of the person who puts all the signs up, but the truth is that the basic layout of a building is what helps people find their way around,’ he says.
G
Zeisel also points to the need for a better balance between private and shared rooms in hospitals. ‘Falls are reduced and fewer medication errors occur’ in private rooms, he says. There’s also research showing how Important it is that patients have access to the outdoors and that gardens in hospitals are a major contributor to well-being. However, more generally, Zeisel shares Chris Spencer’s concerns that the lessons from environmental psychology research are not getting through. ’There is certainly a gap between what we in social science know and the world of designers and architects,’ says Zeisel. He believes that most industries, from sports to film- making, have now recognised the importance of an evidence-based approach, and that the building trade needs to formulate itself more in that vein, and to recognise that there is relevant research out there. ‘It would be outrageous, silly, to go ahead with huge building projects without learning the lessons from the new towns established between 30 and 40 years ago,’ he warns.
🔥 Đáp án & giải thích 2
14
VII
Giải thích chi tiết
Skimming/ scanning
Với câu này, nếu chỉ skim/scan thì thí sinh sẽ không bao giờ tới được đáp án đúng vì heading đúng không chứa keywords xuất hiện trong bài đọc.
Nếu chỉ skim/scan từ khoá giống nhau giữa đoạn văn và list of headings, thí sinh rất dễ chọn những heading như:
-> vi. A failure to use available information in practical ways
Thí sinh dễ chọn heading này khi đọc câu áp cuối có thông tin “apply psychology to real problems" -> suy diễn ra là dùng kiến thức, thông tin để giải quyết vấn đề thực tế => khá giống với thông tin trong heading. Tuy nhiên, đây không phải là đáp án đúng vì trong bài nói rõ researcher không muốn ứng dụng vào thực tế chứ không phải họ ứng dụng nhưng thất bại (failure). -> x. The expanding scope of environmental psychology
Một vài thí sinh hay chọn nhầm câu này vì thấy cụm “environmental psychology" trong câu áp cuối. Tuy nhiên trong bài chẳng hề nói gì về “expanding scope" (cách sử dụng được mở rộng) của environmental psychology cả.
Áp dụng DOL’s Linearthinking
🥰Simplify + Read connection
1. The space around usaffects us profoundly
2. In Britain that space is changing at a pace not seen for a generation
3. psychology has something to say about all this change.
4. But is anyone listening?
5. There is a huge amount of psychology research that is relevant , but at the moment we are talking to ourselves
6. Spencer recalls a recent talk in which he called on fellow researchers to make a greater effort to communicate their findings to architects and planners.
7. ‘I was amazed at the response of many of the senior researchers , who would say I am doing my research for pure science, the industrycan take it or leave it”.
8. But there are models of how to apply environmental psychology to real problems, if you know where to look .
9. Professor Frances Kuo is an example.
😎 Hiểu ý chính
=> (1) - (2) The space around us is changing and it affects us.
=> (3) (4) (5) psychology research talk about this change but no one is listening to researchers
=> (6) (7) Researchers make effortbut don't care whether the industry want to apply their findings
=> (8) (9) there are other ways to apply knowledge in real problems
=> Main idea: Researchers know about our changing spacebut they won't care the application of their knowledge in real problems
😍 So sánh với danh sách tiêu đề:
vii. Academics with an unhelpful attitude (people with research knowledge ignore the others)
So sánh thông tin: academics = researchers and unhelpful attitude = won't apply knowledge in real problems
Our ancestor, Homo erectus, may not have had culture or even language, but did they have teenagers? That question has been contested in the past few years, with some anthropologists claiming evidence of an adolescent phase in human fossil. This is not merely an academic debate. Humans today are the only animals on Earth to have a teenage phase, yet we have very little idea why. Establishing exactly when adolescence first evolved and finding out what sorts of changes in our bodies and lifestyles it was associated with could help us understand its purpose. Why do we, uniquely, have a growth spurt so late in life?
Until recently, the dominant explanation was that physical growth is delayed by our need to grow large brains and to learn all the behaviour patterns associated with humanity – speaking, social interaction and so on. While such behaviour is still developing, humans cannot easily fend for themselves, so it is best to stay small and look youthful. That way your parents and other members of the social group are motivated to continue looking after you.
What’s more, studies of mammals show a strong relationship between brain size and the rate of development, with larger-brained animals taking longer to reach adulthood. Humans are at the far end of this spectrum. If this
theory is correct, and the development of large brains accounts for the teenage growth spurt, the origin of adolescence should have been with the evolution of our own species (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals, starting almost 200,000 years ago. The trouble is, some of the fossil evidence seems to tell a different story.
The human fossil record is extremely sparse and the number of fossilised children minuscule. Nevertheless , in the past few years anthropologists have begun to look at what can be learned of the lives of our ancestors from these youngsters. One of the most studied is the famous Turkana boy, an almost complete skeleton of Homo erectus from 1.6 million years ago found in Kenya in 1984. Accurately assessing how old someone is from their skeleton is a tricky business. Even with a modern human, you can only make a rough estimate based on the developmental stage of teeth and bones and the skeleton’s general size.
You need as many developmental markers as possible to get an estimate of age. The Turkana boy’s teeth made him 10 or 11 years old. The features of his skeleton put him at 13, but he was as tall as a modern 15-year-old. Susan Anton of New York University points to research by Margaret Clegg who studied a collection of 18th- and 19th-century skeletons whose ages at death were known. When she tried to age the skeletons without checking the records, she found similar discrepancies to those of the Turkana boy. One 10-year-old boy, for example, had a dental age of 9, the skeleton of a 6-year-old but was tall enough to be 11. The Turkana kid still has a rounded skull, and needs more growth to reach the adult shape,’ Anton adds. She thinks that Homo erectus had already developed modern human patterns of growth, with a late, if not quite so extreme, adolescent spurt. She believes Turkana boy was just about to enter it.
If Anton is right, that theory contradicts the orthodox idea linking late growth with development of a large brain. Anthropologist Steven Leigh from the University of Illinois goes further. He believes the idea of adolescence as catch-up growth does not explain why the growth rate increases so dramatically. He says that many apes have growth spurts in particular body regions that are associated with reaching maturity, and this makes sense because by timing the short but crucial spells of maturation to coincide with the seasons when food is plentiful, they minimise the risk of being without adequate food supplies while growing. What makes humans unique is that the whole skeleton is involved. For Leigh, this is the key.
According to his theory, adolescence evolved as an integral part of efficient upright locomotion, as well as to accommodate more complex brains. Fossil evidence suggests that our ancestors first walked on two legs six million years ago. If proficient walking was important for survival, perhaps the teenage growth spurt has very ancient origins. While many anthropologists will consider Leigh’s theory a step too far, he is not the only one with new ideas about the evolution of teenagers.
Another approach, which has produced a surprising result, relies on the minute analysis of tooth growth. Every nine days or so the growing teeth of both apes and humans acquire ridges on their enamel surface. These are like rings in a tree trunk: the number of them tells you how long the crown of a tooth took to form. Across mammals, the rate at which teeth develop is closely related to how fast the brain grows and the age you mature. Teeth are good indicators of life history because their growth is less related to the environment and nutrition than is the growth of the skeleton.
A more decisive piece of evidence came last year, when researchers in France and Spain published their findings from a study of Neanderthal teeth. Neanderthals had much faster tooth growth than Homo erectus who went before them, and hence, possibly, a shorter childhood. Lead researcher Fernando Ramirez-Rozzi thinks Neanderthals died young – about 25 years old — primarily because of the cold, harsh environment they had to endure in glacial Europe. They evolved to grow up quicker than their immediate ancestors. Neanderthals and Homo erectus probably had to reach adulthood fairly quickly, without delaying for an adolescent growth spurt So it still looks as though we are the original teenagers.
🔥 Đáp án & giải thích 3
27
D
Giải thích chi tiết
Skimming/scanning
Với câu hỏi Multiple Choice này, thí sinh sẽ không thể skim/scan để tìm đáp án mà phải thật sự nhìn được cấu trúc đoạn cũng như mối liên hệ giữa các thông tin với nhau.
Nếu chỉ skim/scan, sẽ thấy dường như… không có đáp án nào là đúng cả vì không trong bài không hề lặp lại những keywords tìm thấy được trong các lựa chọn A, B, C, D.
Áp dụng DOL’s Linearthinking
😍 Đọc câu hỏi để hiểu
Câu hỏi: In the first paragraph, why does the writer say ‘This is not merely an academic debate’?
Đơn giản hóa để hiểu ý chính
=> Câu hỏi: information about the reason behind the saying: ‘This is not merely an academic debate’
😎 Xác định thông tin liên quan
✅ Dựa vào thông tin được đưa ra trong câu hỏi, đáp án phải liên quan đến câu nói: "This is not merely an academic debate".
👉 Chúng ta có thể dễ dàng tìm thấy thông tin này được đề cập trong đoạn đầu tiên, nơi nhấn mạnh rằng chủ đề này có ảnh hưởng thực tiễn chứ không chỉ là tranh luận lý thuyết.
🥰Simplify + Read connection
1. Our ancestor may not have had culture or even language , but did they have teenagers
2. That question has been contested in the past few years , with anthropologists claiming evidence of adolescent in human fossil
3. This is not merely an academic debate .
4. Humans today are the only animals on Earth to have a teenage phase , yet we have very little idea why .
5. Establishing when adolescence first evolved and V2 can help us understand its purpose .
6. Why do we , have a growth spurt so late in life ?
😎 Hiểu ý chính
(1) + (2) Question: Why were there teenagers in the past? This has been studied over the years.
(3) This is not just an academic debate.
(4) + (5) + (6) This issue also relates to humans today.
=> Main idea: The question “Why do teenagers exist?” is not only academically valuable but also helps us understand people today.
Vì :
“the work of anthropologists" chính là đề cập tới việc nghiên cứu của anthropologists trong câu 3
“inform our understanding of modern adolescence” đề cập tới việc kiến thức về human teeneagers trong quá khứ giúp hiểu rõ về humans today (thể hiện qua 3 câu cuối cùng trong đoạn)
😍 So sánh với danh sách tiêu đề:
=> Main idea: The question “Why do teenagers exist?” is not only academically valuable but also helps us understand people today.
=> Đáp án D. The work of anthropologists could inform our understanding of modem adolescence.
=> Chọn D. The work of anthropologists could inform our understanding of modem adolescence.
🥸 Now let’s break down why the other options are incorrect:
❌ A: The passage doesn't focus on the need for practical research — it emphasizes the importance of adolescence and how it might have evolved, not how research should be conducted.
❌ B: There's no mention of misunderstandings among anthropologists — the text presents various viewpoints or theories, not confusion.
❌ C: The passage doesn’t talk about changing attitudes — it talks about debates regarding the evolutionary reasons for adolescence, not shifts in opinion over time.
✅ So, only the correct answer captures the real-world relevance of the debate!
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, it would make no difference to us whether we were out and about at night or during the day, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal species on this planet. Instead, we arc diurnal creatures, meaning our eyes are adapted to living in the suns light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings any more than as primates or mammals or Earthlings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: we’ve engineered it to meet our needs by filling it with light.
This kind of engineering is no different from damming a river. Its benefits come with consequences – called light pollution – whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky, where it is not wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it is. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life – migration, reproduction, feeding – is affected.
For most of human history, the phrase “light pollution” would have made no sense. Imagine walking toward London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was one of Earth’s most populous cities. Nearly a million people lived there, making do, as they always had, with candles and lanterns. There would be no gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years.
Now most of humanity lives under reflected, refracted light from overlit cities and suburbs, from light-flooded roads and factories. Nearly all of night-time Europe is a bright patch of light, as is most of the United States and much of Japan. In the South Atlantic the glow from a single fishing fleet – squid fishermen luring their prey with metal halide lamps – can be seen from space, burning brighter on occasions than Buenos Aires.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars and taking their place is a constant orange glow. We’ve become so used to this that the glory of an unlit night – dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth – is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost. And yet above the city’s pale ceiling lies the rest of the universe, utterly undiminished by the light we waste.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being ‘captured’ by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop. Migrating at night, birds are apt to collide with brightly lit buildings; immature birds suffer in much higher numbers than adults.
Insects, of course, cluster around streetlights, and feeding on those insects is a crucial means of survival for many bat species. In some Swiss valleys the European lesser horseshoe bat began to vanish after streetlights were installed, perhaps because those valleys were suddenly filled with fight-feeding pipistrelle bats. Other nocturnal mammals, like desert rodents and badgers, are more cautious about searching for food under the permanent full moon of fight pollution because they’ve become easier targets for the predators who are hunting them.
Some birds – blackbirds and nightingales, among others – sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light. Scientists have determined that long artificial days — and artificially short nights — induce early breeding in a wide range of birds. And because a longer day allows for longer feeding, it can also affect migration schedules. The problem, of course, is that migration, like most other aspects of bird behavior, is a precisely timed biological behavior. Leaving prematurely may mean reaching a destination too soon for nesting conditions to be right.
Nesting sea turtles, which seek out dark beaches, find fewer and fewer of them to bury their eggs on. When the baby sea turtles emerge from the eggs, they gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective sea horizon but find themselves confused by artificial fighting behind the beach. In Florida alone, hatchling losses number in the hundreds of thousands every year. Frogs and toads living on the side of major highways suffer nocturnal fight levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, disturbing nearly every aspect of their behavior, including their night-time breeding choruses.
It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky in all its glorious clarity. And, in fact, some of the earliest civic efforts to control light pollution were made half a century ago to protect the view from Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. In 2001 Flagstaff was declared the first International Dark Sky City. By now the effort to control fight pollution has spread around the globe. More and more dues and even entire countries have committed themselves to reducing unwanted glare.
don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings
The space around us affects us profoundly – rebuilding of one south London school as a striking emotionally, behaviourally, cognitively. In Britain that example of how building design can affect human space is changing at a pace not seen for a generation. Surely psychology has something to say about all ranked as the worst school in the area – now it is this change. But is anyone listening? ‘There is a huge amount of psychology research that is relevant, but at the moment we’re talking to ourselves,’ says Chris Spencer, professor of environmental psychology at the University of Sheffield. Spencer recalls a recent talk he gave in which he called on fellow researchers to make a greater effort to communicate their findings to architects and planners. ‘I was amazed at the response of many of the senior researchers, who would say: “I’m doing my research for pure science, the industry can take it or leave it”. But there are models of how to apply environmental psychology to real problems, if you know where to look. Professor Frances Kuo is an example.
B. Kuo’s website provides pictures and plain English conducted by her Human stands as a one-off experiment. ” Among these is a study using police records that found inner-city surrounded by more vegetation suffered 52 per cent fewer crimes than apartment blocks with little or no greenery. Frances Kuo and her co-researcher William Sullivan believe that greenery reduces crime – so long as visibility is preserved – because it reduces aggression, brings local residents together outdoors, and the conspicuous presence of people deters criminals.
C. ‘Environmental psychologists are increasingly in demand,’ says David Uzzell, professor of environmental psychology. ‘We’re asked to contribute to the planning, design and management of many different environments, ranging from neighbourhoods, offices, schools, health, transport, traffic and leisure environments for the purpose of improving quality of life and creating a better people-environment fit.’ Uzzell points to the rebuilding of one south London school as a striking example of how building design can affect human behaviour positively. Before its redesign, it was ranked as the worst school in the area – now it is recognised as one of the country’s twenty most improved schools.
D. Uzzell has been involved in a pioneering project between MSc students in England and Scotland. Architecture students in Scotland acted as designers while environmental psychology students in England acted as consultants, as together they worked on a community project in a run-down area of Glasgow. The psychology students encouraged the architecture students to think about who their client group was, to consider issues of crowding and social cohesion, and they introduced them to psychological methodologies, for example observation and interviewing local residents about their needs.’ The collaborative project currently stands as a one-off experiment. ‘Hopefully these trainee architects will now go away with some understanding of the psychological issues involved in design and will take into account people’s needs,’ says Uzzell.
E. Hilary Barker, a recent graduate in psychology, now works for a design consultancy. She’s part of a four- person research team that contributes to the overall work of the company in helping clients use their office space more productively. Her team all have backgrounds in psychology or social science, but the rest of the firm consists mainly of architects and interior designers. ‘What I do is pretty rare to be honest,’ Barker says. ‘I feel very privileged to be able to use my degree in such a way.’ Barker explains that the team carries out observational studies on behalf of companies, to identify exactly how occupants are using their building. The companies are often surprised by the findings, for example that staff use meeting rooms for quiet, individual work.
F. One area where the findings from environment- behaviour research have certainly influenced building is in hospital design. The government has a checklist of criteria that must be met in the design of new hospitals, and these are derived largely from the work of the behavioural scientist Professor Roger Ulrich,’ Chris Spencer says. Ulrich’s work has shown, for example, how the view from a patient’s window can affect their recovery. Even a hospital’s layout can impact on people’s health, according to Dr John Zeisel. ‘If people get lost in hospitals, they get stressed, which lowers their immune system and means their medication works less well. You might think that way-finding round the hospital is the responsibility of the person who puts all the signs up, but the truth is that the basic layout of a building is what helps people find their way around,’ he says.
G. Zeisel also points to the need for a better balance between private and shared rooms in hospitals. ‘Falls are reduced and fewer medication errors occur’ in private rooms, he says. There’s also research showing how Important it is that patients have access to the outdoors and that gardens in hospitals are a major contributor to well-being. However, more generally, Zeisel shares Chris Spencer’s concerns that the lessons from environmental psychology research are not getting through. ’There is certainly a gap between what we in social science know and the world of designers and architects,’ says Zeisel. He believes that most industries, from sports to film- making, have now recognised the importance of an evidence-based approach, and that the building trade needs to formulate itself more in that vein, and to recognise that there is relevant research out there. ‘It would be outrageous, silly, to go ahead with huge building projects without learning the lessons from the new towns established between 30 and 40 years ago,’ he warns.
In Britain
that space
is changing at a pace not seen for a generation
psychology
has something to say about all this change
But
is anyone listening?
There
is a huge amount of psychology research that is relevant
but
at the moment
we
are talking to ourselves
Spencer
recalls a recent talk
in which he called on fellow researchers to make a greater effort to communicate their findings to architects and planners.
‘I
was amazed at the response of many of the senior researchers
who would say
I
am doing my research for pure science
the industry
can take it or leave it
But
there
are models of how to apply environmental psychology to real problems
if
you
know where to look
Professor Frances Kuo
is an example
Our ancestor, Homo erectus, may not have had culture or even language, but did they have teenagers? That question has been contested in the past few years, with some anthropologists claiming evidence of an adolescent phase in human fossil. This is not merely an academic debate. Humans today are the only animals on Earth to have a teenage phase, yet we have very little idea why. Establishing exactly when adolescence first evolved and finding out what sorts of changes in our bodies and lifestyles it was associated with could help us understand its purpose. Why do we, uniquely, have a growth spurt so late in life?
Until recently, the dominant explanation was that physical growth is delayed by our need to grow large brains and to learn all the behaviour patterns associated with humanity – speaking, social interaction and so on. While such behaviour is still developing, humans cannot easily fend for themselves, so it is best to stay small and look youthful. That way your parents and other members of the social group are motivated to continue looking after you.
What’s more, studies of mammals show a strong relationship between brain size and the rate of development, with larger-brained animals taking longer to reach adulthood. Humans are at the far end of this spectrum. If this
theory is correct, and the development of large brains accounts for the teenage growth spurt, the origin of adolescence should have been with the evolution of our own species (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals, starting almost 200,000 years ago. The trouble is, some of the fossil evidence seems to tell a different story.
The human fossil record is extremely sparse and the number of fossilised children minuscule. Nevertheless , in the past few years anthropologists have begun to look at what can be learned of the lives of our ancestors from these youngsters. One of the most studied is the famous Turkana boy, an almost complete skeleton of Homo erectus from 1.6 million years ago found in Kenya in 1984. Accurately assessing how old someone is from their skeleton is a tricky business. Even with a modern human, you can only make a rough estimate based on the developmental stage of teeth and bones and the skeleton’s general size.
You need as many developmental markers as possible to get an estimate of age. The Turkana boy’s teeth made him 10 or 11 years old. The features of his skeleton put him at 13, but he was as tall as a modern 15-year-old. Susan Anton of New York University points to research by Margaret Clegg who studied a collection of 18th- and 19th-century skeletons whose ages at death were known. When she tried to age the skeletons without checking the records, she found similar discrepancies to those of the Turkana boy. One 10-year-old boy, for example, had a dental age of 9, the skeleton of a 6-year-old but was tall enough to be 11. The Turkana kid still has a rounded skull, and needs more growth to reach the adult shape,’ Anton adds. She thinks that Homo erectus had already developed modern human patterns of growth, with a late, if not quite so extreme, adolescent spurt. She believes Turkana boy was just about to enter it.
If Anton is right, that theory contradicts the orthodox idea linking late growth with development of a large brain. Anthropologist Steven Leigh from the University of Illinois goes further. He believes the idea of adolescence as catch-up growth does not explain why the growth rate increases so dramatically. He says that many apes have growth spurts in particular body regions that are associated with reaching maturity, and this makes sense because by timing the short but crucial spells of maturation to coincide with the seasons when food is plentiful, they minimise the risk of being without adequate food supplies while growing. What makes humans unique is that the whole skeleton is involved. For Leigh, this is the key.
According to his theory, adolescence evolved as an integral part of efficient upright locomotion, as well as to accommodate more complex brains. Fossil evidence suggests that our ancestors first walked on two legs six million years ago. If proficient walking was important for survival, perhaps the teenage growth spurt has very ancient origins. While many anthropologists will consider Leigh’s theory a step too far, he is not the only one with new ideas about the evolution of teenagers.
Another approach, which has produced a surprising result, relies on the minute analysis of tooth growth. Every nine days or so the growing teeth of both apes and humans acquire ridges on their enamel surface. These are like rings in a tree trunk: the number of them tells you how long the crown of a tooth took to form. Across mammals, the rate at which teeth develop is closely related to how fast the brain grows and the age you mature. Teeth are good indicators of life history because their growth is less related to the environment and nutrition than is the growth of the skeleton.
A more decisive piece of evidence came last year, when researchers in France and Spain published their findings from a study of Neanderthal teeth. Neanderthals had much faster tooth growth than Homo erectus who went before them, and hence, possibly, a shorter childhood. Lead researcher Fernando Ramirez-Rozzi thinks Neanderthals died young – about 25 years old — primarily because of the cold, harsh environment they had to endure in glacial Europe. They evolved to grow up quicker than their immediate ancestors. Neanderthals and Homo erectus probably had to reach adulthood fairly quickly, without delaying for an adolescent growth spurt So it still looks as though we are the original teenagers.
have teenagers
That question
has been contested
in the past few years
with anthropologists claiming evidence of adolescent in human fossil
This
is not merely an academic debate
Humans today
are the only animals on Earth
to have a teenage phase
yet
we
have very little idea why
Establishing when adolescence first evolved and V2
