Playing with science

Is science always a serious matter? No, says Pierre Laszlo, who believes that scientists are often just like children at play.

A
AThe connection between science and play is not often discussed, perhaps because scientists take it for granted, or because they are a little self-conscious about it and therefore try to hide it. In this context, play might describe a number of different activities. Play might involve the exploration of new uses for everyday objects just for curiosity; it could also include word jokes, or the playing of jokes or tricks upon other scientists. The element of play in science is thus an elusive and difficult topic, but it is fundamental to the experience of scientists.
B
BOne example of this connection is the jigsaw puzzle. Such puzzles present their players with two-dimensional fragments, each with a characteristic shape, from which to reconstruct an overall picture. Guessing the solution of a scientific problem has many similarities to completing a jigsaw puzzle. The scientists inspect each piece of data for a possible fit with its neighbours and, bit by bit, construct a whole argument. People who are good at jigsaw puzzles are able to guess which piece will fit even before trying it. In the same way, the best scientists are those who make the best guesses.
C
CBut scientists do not play only at out-guessing each other, or at putting together pieces to complete a puzzle. They also regard their work as “playing" with "toys". Joseph Lambert, a professor of chemistry at Northwestern University in the US, shed some light on this tendency. In a letter he wrote the following:

When I grew up, every kid put in some serious sandbox time, and it often involved building complex sand structures around which fantasies were composed. In the organic chemistry labs at Yale, similar creativity emerged as chemical transformations took place. The odours were pleasant, and the experiments were fun in the same way as playing with sand. We mixed chemicals together. The physical process of working with our hands, as with sand, was satisfying. By the end of the year, I knew that I wanted to be an organic chemist, as I realised one could essentially play in the sandbox for a living.

Indeed, many scientists amuse themselves by 'playing with various "toys” of their trade, perhaps coming up with ingenious devices to get a particular job done, or diverting a piece of commercial equipment for novel scientific purposes. The apparatus put together by Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletcher to measure the charge of the electron, which involved a perfume atomiser bought at a local pharmacy, is a classic example of such inspired tinkering.
D
DWhereas society often keeps a lid on playfulness, science encourages and nurtures it. Take, for example, the funny names that scientists have given to various chemical substances: tristane, windowpane, penguinone or megaphone. Each class of organ molecules includes a few such humorous names. Similar fun is had in other fields of science.
E
EHoaxes are a further aspect of the playfulness of scientists. A relatively recent example concerns the 'Plate of Brasse', which stated England's claim to California and was supposedly left by the English navigator Sir Francis Drake during his visit in 1579. A brass plate thought to be Drake's was discovered in the 1930s. But in 1977, Helen Michel and Frank Asaro, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, showed that the copper and zinc used in the plate were of a higher quality than would have been available in the 1500s. They concluded that Drake's plate was most likely crafted much closer to the time when it was first brought to light.
F
FShortly afterwards, staff at the University of California announced that the artefact was devised as a practical joke by a group of friends of Herbert E Bolton, who directed the Bancroft Library at the University's Berkeley campus. Bolton, it seems, was intrigued by tales of Drake having installed a plate to record his visit to California, and often urged his students to look for it. Some of Bolton's friends decided to play a joke on him, but things misfired after Bolton went public and announced that the relic was authentic before he could be told about the joke.
G
GSometimes hoaxes serve a useful purpose. Some years ago, Nathan Lewis, a professor of chemistry at California Institute of Technology, and a graduate student were doing experiments in the laboratory of a senior professor, Harry Gray. Another co-worker had the habit of going through their data and rushing to Gray with his interpretation. Lewis decided to set a trap for the co-worker. He recalls:
I manufactured an NMR spectrum. We left it out as bait. (Our colleague) took it and wrote up a paper on how important this result was. He was ready to go right to [the Journal of the American Chemical Society]... We didn't let him mail it [but] this stopped him temporarily from taking our data and interpreting it before making sure that it was right.
H
HBut is the playfulness of science usually so helpful? One might argue that to play a practical joke is a waste of time. So why do it? Perhaps play is an inherent part of the human condition. The psychologist's answer might be that scientists tend to play because science presents them with too much seriousness. Another possibility might be that scientists like to play because they tend to be very young. Some disciplines, mathematics especially, has a reputation for the narrow window of creativity in youth. But it may also be that there is some cognitive value to the playful element in science. Playing with ideas, after all, is what science is all about. A playful, childlike attitude may be extremely fruitful, and scientists should not be too embarrassed to acknowledge that play is often what motivates them.

Question 1 - 7

Which paragraph contains the following information?

a description of how a test showed some evidence to be fake

reasons why scientists may be unwilling to admit that they play

the result of a trick going wrong

the similarity between a skill used in play and one used in science

how a group of scientists stopped a colleague misusing their results

some examples of the playful nature of scientific language

an example of an everyday object put to a scientific use

a description of how a test showed some evidence to be fake

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