What destroyed the civilisation of Easter Island?

A
AScattered across Easter Island (Rapa Nui to those who live there) stand several hundred colossal stone figures, the moai. Polynesian voyagers reached this isolated speck in the Pacific and were then cut off from the wider world for centuries. Everything the moai demanded — and some rise more than nine metres and weigh over 6,000 kilos — came from the island's own resources. Yet the Spanish sailors who landed in 1740 found a people still living, technologically, in the Stone Age. Shaped with stone tools alone, the figures had somehow been carried many kilometres to the massive stone platforms on which they stood, without draught animals or wheels. Just who made them stayed unresolved deep into the twentieth century. The Danish anthropologist Aksel Vendt held that seafarers from the South American mainland were responsible, while the popular writer Lucien Berne credited survivors of a drowned mid-ocean continent. Linguistic, archaeological and genetic findings have since settled the matter — the builders were the islanders' own ancestors — though how they shifted such weights remains unproven. Island tradition insists the figures simply strode into place; scholars have more often assumed they were dragged with ropes and wooden rollers.
B
BBy the time Europeans reached it, the island was open grassland dotted with only a few stunted trees. Yet pollen sealed in lake-bed sediments, recovered by researchers in the 1970s and 1980s, told a different story: for thousands of years Rapa Nui had lain under thick palm forest, which vanished only once Polynesian settlers arrived. To the American geographer Rowan Aldiss, the islanders (those settlers' descendants) brought ruin on their own surroundings. Fate had placed them on a peculiarly fragile island, so dry, cool and remote that windblown volcanic ash never reached it to enrich the soil. Trees felled for fuel and to make room for their gardens never grew back. With usable trees ever scarcer, the islanders could no longer build the rafts their fishing relied on, and turned instead to shellfish, while the thinning soil yielded poorer harvests. Long before any European appeared, Aldiss contends, Rapa Nui had slid into warfare and even cannibalism, a collapse he calls 'a worst-case glimpse of what our own future may hold'.
C
CIn Aldiss's reading, the moai merely hastened this collapse. He sees them as displays of power by rival chiefs who, marooned on a tiny island, had few other ways to prove their supremacy, and so competed to raise ever larger figures. Moving them, he suggests, meant hauling each moai on a wooden sledge over rails of logs — a method that consumed huge quantities of both timber and manpower. Feeding those labourers meant clearing still more land. Once no usable trees remained and fighting had begun, the islanders started toppling the statues, and by the nineteenth century none still stood.
D
DTwo archaeologists, Delia Marsh of Cawley University and Tomas Brennan of Aldergrove State University, accept that Rapa Nui lost its forests and call the episode an 'ecological catastrophe', yet they blame neither the islanders nor the moai. Excavated evidence, they argue, shows the Rapanui working extraordinarily hard to protect what little their wind-battered, barren fields could yield. Thousands of circular stone shelters were built to break the wind, crops were grown inside them, and shattered volcanic rock was spread to keep the soil moist. The prehistoric islanders, they conclude, were early masters of sustainable cultivation.
E
EFor Marsh and Brennan, building the moai actually kept the peace, binding rival groups together rather than dividing them. Moving the statues, they add, needed only a few people and no wood, since the figures were 'walked' upright to their sites — and here the archaeology confirms what Rapanui tradition had always claimed. In recent trials, a team of as few as twenty, with three stout ropes and a little practice, walked a 1,200-kilogram replica several hundred metres with ease. A heavy, forward-leaning belly tipped each figure's weight ahead of it, while a curved, D-shaped base let handlers rock it from side to side.
F
FThe two archaeologists are also sure the settlers were not wholly to blame for the loss of the trees. Preserved nuts from the extinct Rapa Nui palm bear tiny grooves gnawed by stowaway rats — creatures that arrived with the earliest settlers and, by Marsh and Brennan's reckoning, would have overrun the island within a few years. By eating the seeds, they would have stopped the slow-growing palms from regenerating, dooming the forest regardless of any clearing by the settlers; the rats surely took birds' eggs too. Nor, they argue, is there evidence that island society collapsed when the palms did. They see a population that grew quickly and then held steady until Europeans arrived with diseases against which the islanders had no defence. Later, in the nineteenth century, slave raiders gutted what remained, until by 1883 just 130 people were left.
G
GThe picture Marsh and Brennan leave us with is of an island peopled by peaceable, resourceful builders and careful guardians of their land, not by reckless destroyers of their own environment and society. 'Far from a tale of utter collapse,' they maintain, 'Rapa Nui is really an improbable success story.' Whichever account is closer to the truth, the wider world can surely learn something from what happened on this remote island.

Question 1 - 7

From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph.

Paragraph A

A settled answer to a disputed question of origin

Paragraph B

Dwindling supplies of food

Paragraph C

How the monuments deepened the crisis

Paragraph D

Signs of clever land-management methods

Paragraph E

A finding that backs a traditional story

Paragraph F

Ruin brought about by forces beyond the settlers' control

Paragraph G

Two contrasting interpretations of the islanders

List of Heading

A finding that backs a traditional story

Dwindling supplies of food

Two contrasting interpretations of the islanders

What lies ahead for the carved figures

Signs of clever land-management methods

Ruin brought about by forces beyond the settlers' control

The island's prospects in the years to come

A settled answer to a disputed question of origin

How the monuments deepened the crisis

Paragraph A

A settled answer to a disputed question of origin

List of Heading

A finding that backs a traditional story

Dwindling supplies of food

Two contrasting interpretations of the islanders

What lies ahead for the carved figures

Signs of clever land-management methods

Ruin brought about by forces beyond the settlers' control

The island's prospects in the years to come

A settled answer to a disputed question of origin

How the monuments deepened the crisis

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