Ancient Stoics

• The philosophy began in Greece more than two thousand years ago.

• Its leading figures are well known even though their work was not produced for .

Stoic principles

• A virtuous life was considered the route to happiness.

• People should learn to govern damaging emotions.

• Epictetus distinguished uncontrollable circumstances from the  that remain up to us.
• A Stoic interprets situations differently from people who regard them as .

The influence of Stoicism

• George Washington arranged a  about Cato to encourage his soldiers.

• The French painter Delacroix followed Stoic teaching.

• Stoicism helped shape Adam Smith's thinking about .

• Several modern political leaders have drawn inspiration from ancient Stoic writing.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)

• This Stoic-influenced treatment is commonly used for .
• It teaches people to challenge irrational beliefs by relying on .

Business

• Stoicism encourages people to view a difficulty as an .

Relevance of Stoicism

• Following Stoic principles successfully requires sustained .

• It places strength of character above external rewards.