High Speed, High Rise

A Chinese entrepreneur has figured out a way to manufacture 30-story, earthquake proof skyscrapers that snap together in just 15 days.

A
AZhang Yue is founder and chairman of Broad Sustainable Building (otherwise known as 'Broad') who, on 1 January, 2012, released a time lapse video of its 30-story achievement. It shows construction workers buzzing around like gnats while a clock in the corner of the screen marks the time. In just 360 hours, a 100 metre tall tower called the T30 rises from an empty site to overlook Hunan's Xiang River. At the end of the video, the camera spirals around the building overhead as the Broad logo appears on the screen: a lowercase b that wraps around itself in an imitation of the @ symbol. The company is in the process of franchising its technology to partners in India, Brazil, and Russia. What it is selling is the world's first standardized skyscraper and with it, Zhang aims to turn Broad into the McDonald's of the sustainable building industry. When asked why he decided to start a construction company, Zhang replies, 'It's not a construction company. It's a structural revolution.' 
B
BSo far, Broad has built 16 structures in China, plus another in Cancun. They are fabricated at two factories in Hunan, roughly an hour's drive from Broad Town, the sprawling headquarters. The floors and ceilings of the skyscrapers are built in sections, each measuring 15.6 by 3.9 meters with a depth of 45 centimeters. Pipes and ducts for electricity, water and waste are threaded through each floor module while it is still in the factory. The client's choice of flooring is also preinstalled on top. Standardized truckloads carry two modules each to the site with the necessary columns, bolts and tools to connect them stacked on top of each other. Once they arrive at the location, each section is lifted by crane directly to the top of the building, which is assembled like toy Lego bricks. Workers use the materials on the module to quickly connect the pipes and wires. The unique column design has diagonal bracing at each end and tabs that bolt into the floors above and below. In the final step, heavily insulated exterior walls and windows are slotted in by crane. The result is far from pretty but the method is surprisingly safe  and phenomenally fast. 
C
CZhang attributes his success to his creativity and to his outsider perspective on technology. He started out as an art student in the 1980s, but in 1988, Zhang left the art world to found Broad. The company started out as a maker of non-pressurized boilers. His senior vice president, Juliet Jiang, says, 'He made his fortune on boilers. He could have kept doing this business, but ... he saw the need for non-electric air conditioning.' Towards the end of the decade, China's economy was expanding past the capacity of the nation's electricity grid, she explains. Power shortages were becoming a serious obstacle to growth. Large air conditioning (AC) units fueled by natural gas could help companies ease their electricity load, reduce overheads, and enjoy more reliable climate control into the bargain. Today, Broad has units operating in more than 70 countries, in some of the largest buildings and airports on the planet. 
D
DFor two decades, Zhang's AC business boomed. But a couple of events conspired to change his course. The first was that Zhang became an environmentalist. The second was the earthquake that hit China's Sichuan Province in 2008, causing the collapse of poorly constructed buildings. Initially, he says, he tried to convince developers to refit existing buildings to make them both more stable and more sustainable, but he had little success. So Zhang drafted his own engineers and started researching how to build cheap, environmentally friendly structures that could also withstand an earthquake. Within six months of starting his research, Zhang had given up on traditional methods. He was frustrated by the cost of hiring designers and specialists for each new structure. The best way to cut costs, he decided, was to take building to the factory. But to create a factory built skyscraper, Broad had to abandon the principles by which skyscrapers are typically designed. The whole load bearing structure had to be different. To reduce the overall weight of the building, it used less concrete in the floors; that in turn enabled it to cut down on structural steel. 
E
EAround the world, prefabricated and modular buildings are gaining in popularity. But modular and prefabricated buildings elsewhere are, for the most part, low rise. Broad is alone in applying these methods to skyscrapers. For Zhang, the environmental savings alone justify the effort. According to Broad's numbers, a traditional high rise will produce about 3,000 tons of construction waste, while a Broad building will produce only 25 tons. Traditional buildings also require 5,000 tons of water onsite to build, while Broad buildings use none. The building process is also less dangerous. Elevator systems  the base, rails, and machine room  can be installed at the factory, eliminating the risk of injury. And instead of shipping an elevator car to the site in pieces, Broad orders a finished car and drops it into the shaft by crane. In the future, elevator manufacturers are hoping to preinstall the doors, completely eliminating any chance that a worker might fall. 'Traditional construction is chaotic,' he says. 'We took construction and moved it into the factory.' According to Zhang, his buildings will help solve the many problems of the construction industry and what's more, they will be quicker and cheaper to build. 

Question 1 - 5

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viii.

Paragraph A

A building like no other

Paragraph B

From factory to building site

Paragraph C

Other engineering achievements

Paragraph D

A change of direction

Paragraph E

Examining the overall benefits

List of Heading

A joint business project

Other engineering achievements

Examining the overall benefits

A building like no other

Some benefits of traditional methods

A change of direction

Examples of similar global brands

From factory to building site

Paragraph A

A building like no other

List of Heading

A joint business project

Other engineering achievements

Examining the overall benefits

A building like no other

Some benefits of traditional methods

A change of direction

Examples of similar global brands

From factory to building site

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