Computer games
The early days of the video game business
It's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game. In the age of computers, that statement takes on new meanings: video game cannot ever really be defeated because, no matter how high the score. It is always the human who tires first or makes the fatal error.
But millions of people continue to play, because microelectronic technology has enabled game designers to conveniently and inexpensively transform plain screens into playfields of extraordinary capability. At the same time, a multi billion dollar industry has grown from very humble beginnings in just a few decades.
The technological roots of video game can be traced back to 1962, when an MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) graduate student demonstrated Spacewar, a science-fiction fantasy game played on a mainframe computer and a large screen. That game immediately attracted a wide cult following among computer buffs. The next important step came in 1968, when a console was developed that could be used to play game on ordinary televisions. But it was not until the early 1970s that a young University of Utah engine to the point that adaptation of Spacewar from a large computer into coin operated format, for use in video game arcades, was becoming economically feasible. Bushnell and his associates began working on such a machine in a converted bedroom workshop, but were unsuccessful. What they ultimately developed instead was a simple tennis-like game that they named Pong.
Pong took the industry by storm and quickly became the first coin-operated video-game hit. And soon thereafter commercial Pong - style home video games also appeared. Yet despite early enthusiasm, consumer interest in this area proved less sustained than had been anticipated and, as prices started to drop and losses mounted, most of the early manufacturers withdrew from the field. Profits proved to be just as elusive at Bushnell's company, Atari, where a rapidly growing market presence in coin operated machine and home video required greater injections of capital and more professional management than the company was able to provide. In 1976, the founders of Atari sold their share of the company for a sum that was only equivalent to their sales in that year.
At that point, coin-operated video games seemed just another passing fad. But the introduction of Space Invaders - an arcade model produced by Japanese manufacture Taito - proved otherwise. With its vibrant graphics it was so different from the previous black and white games that Space Invaders immediately captured public interest. There soon followed a rush of popular video that employed the same or better hardware and even more imaginative software. Of these, Рас Man (in 1980) was especially significant, because now females began to take an interest.
By this time, the same software improvement and technological advances (faster microprocessors and larger memories) that permitted designers to produce spectacular audio and visual effects for coin-operated machines were also being applied to home video units. It was thus only a short while before the programmable consoles that had been unpopular for lack of software suddenly began to sell in large numbers: consumers had discovered that they could finally play a reasonable version of their favorite arcade games in the comfort of their own home. The impact on Atari was astounding. Unprofitable for the first three years, Atari had by the end of 1979, become a success. By either self-designing or licensing the most popular arcade concepts for cartridge format for use at home, the company had captured some 80 percent of the worldwide market for home video games.
All of this, however, was too good to last. By late 1982, the public’s fascination with arcade games had begun to low down, and fewer potential best-sellers were becoming available for conversion to cartridges that could be used on an Atari machine. At the same time, the market was flooded with illegal software of all types. It was thus not until the late 1980s that the unstructured nature of the industry, at least on the software side, had stabilized and become restructured in a manner similar, in many respects, to the book publishing business.
Until 1986, when Japan-based Nintendo introduced a more technologically sophisticated and user-friendly game console, the hardware side was also in disarray. But with tight control of software development and marketing, Nintendo was able to revive and then capture up to 80 percent of a once-again booming market in which no significant competition appeared until the early 1990s. By that point, the annual operating profits of Nintendo had already grown to over $1 billion - an amount exceeding the 1991 profits of all the major Hollywood film studios combined. In 1999, sales of game hardware and software, led by Playstation, were equal in size (around $7 billion) to US domestic box-office revenues.
With change the only constant, the game industry has moved on to become what it is today. However, no matter what the technology or the format, the essence of a successful game will always be the same: it is simple to understand and to play on an elementary level, but it is compulsive and maddeningly difficult – in fact, forever impossible – to master fully.
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Question 1 - 6
Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
A HISTORY OF VIDEO GAMES
1960s - Spacewar was first played on a computer and special screen.
1970s
- Advances in technology led to cheaper 1. and the possibility of coin-operated video games.
- The first successful coin-operated video game was 2. .
- 3. was bought from its original owners.
- Space Invaders was successful because of its colourful 4. .
1980s
- Pac-Man was the first game to attract 5. .
1990s
- At first one company dominated the market.
- By the end of the decade, 6. had become the biggest selling home entertainment product.